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MUDr. Jana Katolická, Ph.D.

Onkologie. 2024:18(3):163  

Approach to treatment of visceral metastases in metastatic prostate cancer

Jana Katolická

Onkologie. 2024:18(3):167-170 | DOI: 10.36290/xon.2024.030  

Combined treatment of metastatic hormone-sensitive prostate cancer and sequential treatment of metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer significantly prolonged the survival of men with this disease. Patients with visceral metastases invariably have a worse prognosis than patients with bone-only metastase. Patients with liver metastases typically have the worst survival outcomes compared to those with bone metastases or other sites of visceral metastases.

Apalutamid in the first line of complex oncological therapy of a patient with hormone-sensitive prostate cancer

Lucia Tomková

Onkologie. 2024:18(3):171-173 | DOI: 10.36290/xon.2024.031  

In our case report we want to demonstrate a complex therapy of a patient with metastatic hormone-sensitive prostate cancer (mHSPC) with initially symptomatic visceral metastases of lungs. Patient profits from doublet combination (androgen deprivation therapy + apalutamid) with good quality of life.

Olaparib for the treatment of metastatic prostate cancer

Otakar Čapoun

Onkologie. 2024:18(3):174-179 | DOI: 10.36290/xon.2024.032  

About a quarter of men with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) have a mutation in one of the genes involved in DNA repair through homologous recombination. The protein group poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) can be blocked using so-called PARP inhibitors and DNA repair will not be done. The first PARP inhibitor approved for the treatment of mCRPC progressing after treatment with abiraterone or enzalutamide is olaparib. In addition, in combination with abiraterone, we can use it already in the first line, when mCRPC progresses on standard hormonal treatment.

Stereotactic body radiation therapy for prostate cancer

Pavel Krupa

Onkologie. 2024:18(3):180-183 | DOI: 10.36290/xon.2024.033  

Stereotactic radiotherapy of prostate cancer is a new technique for the treatment of this disease. It is used as an alternative to commonly used fractionation schemes in curative indications when irradiating the entire prostate and part of the seminal vesicles and in palliative cases when irradiating distant pathways. It is particularly useful in the treatment of oligometastatic disease.

Adjuvant therapy for renal cancer - update of KEYNOTE-564

Tomáš Büchler

Onkologie. 2024:18(3):184-189 | DOI: 10.36290/xon.2024.034  

Approximately 25% of patients with renal cell carcinoma (RCC) relapse after radical removal of the tumour. After several decades of unsuccessful clinical trials, significant progress has been achieved recently and a new standard of adjuvant treatment for patients with RCC and a higher risk of recurrence has been established. The randomized, double-blind KEYNOTE-564 trial demonstrated that pembrolizumab administered for 1 year after surgery significantly improved both recurrence-free and overall survival. The treatment is fully reimbursed and is the new standard in RCC therapy.

Asciminib in treating chronic myeloid leukaemia

Petra Bělohlávková

Onkologie. 2024:18(3):190-192 | DOI: 10.36290/xon.2024.035  

Four tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), imatinib, dasatinib, bosutinib, and nilotinib, have been approved for the first-line treatment of chronic myeloid leukaemia in chronic phase (CML-CP). Clinical trials with second-generation TKIs demonstrated significantly deeper and faster therapeutic responses, but there was no impact on prolonging survival, probably due to the availability of effective treatments for resistant patients. In the second or third line of treatment of CML-CP, the choice of TKIs depends on the cause of treatment failure (resistance or intolerance to the drug), patient comorbidi­ties, and individual therapeutic goals. Asciminib is...

Current therapeutic strategies for the treatment of ocular melanoma

Jindřich Kopecký, Ondřej Kubeček, Peter Priester, Iva Priester, Alžběta Hlodáková

Onkologie. 2024:18(3):193-200 | DOI: 10.36290/xon.2024.036  

Ocular melanoma is a rare type of cancer. It usually arises in the uveal tract. Owing to a lack of warning symptoms, it is often diagnosed at an advanced stage with a substantial risk of metastatic spread. Approximately half of the patients develop metastases during the course of their disease, with the liver being the main site for metastasis. The survival rate for metastatic ocular melanoma remains poor, ranging between 6 and 12 months. The following article summarizes the knowledge of the ocular melanoma pathogenesis and provides a basic overview of the therapeutic options for both localised and metastatic disease and suggests potential targets...

Brigatinib in ALK positive NSCLC - BRIGHTSTAR and ALTA-1L clinical trials

Daniel Krejčí

Onkologie. 2024:18(3):201-203 | DOI: 10.36290/xon.2024.037  

ALK tyrosine kinase inhibitors (ALK TKIs) have become standard of care in patients with advanced or metastatic ALK-positive non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). There are three generations of ALK TKIs available - crizotinib, alectinib, brigatinib, lorlatinib. Intensification of targeted treatment effect by adding radiotherapy is still the subject of research especially with regard to the risk of toxicity. The BRIGHTSTAR study investigated the potential for local consolidation treatment in patients with ALK-positive non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) who responded to treatment with brigatinib. The results supported the potential of consolidation therapy....

mRNA vaccines in the treatment of melanoma

Linda Řandová, Ondřej Kodet

Onkologie. 2024:18(3):204-207 | DOI: 10.36290/xon.2024.038  

Immunotherapy is the crucial essential treatment of metastatic melanoma and melanoma adjuvant therapy. Despite lower treatment responses, its ability to induce a long-term therapeutic response is preferred over targeted therapy with BRAF and MEK inhibitors. One of the reasons for the failure of immunotherapy is insufficient immune system stimulation by tumour-specific antigens. mRNA vaccines bring new possibilities for more effective immune system stimulation and induction of a specific antitumor immune response. The most fundamental is the KEYNOTE-942 study, which compares the effect of a 20-antigen mRNA vaccine and pembrolizumab in completely resected...

Current treatment options of HER2+ metastatic colorectal carcinoma

Marián Liberko, Renata Soumarová

Onkologie. 2024:18(3):208-212 | DOI: 10.36290/xon.2024.039  

Metastatic colorectal cancer is currently still an incurable disease. However, thanks to advances in systemic therapy, the median survival of patients is increasing. The prolongation of overall survival is due to more personalized therapy according to the absence/presence of molecular alterations. One of these relatively newly investigated alterations and a novel target for therapy is HER2-positive metastatic colorectal cancer. The aim of this article is to provide a brief overview of current therapeutic options for this specific subset of metastatic disease.

Combination therapy in advanced primary metastatic hormone-sensitive prostate cancer

Dominika Kryštofová

Onkologie. 2024:18(3):213-215 | DOI: 10.36290/xon.2024.040  

The treatment for metastatic hormone-sensitive prostate cancer has undergone numerous changes in recent years, thus offering patients a number of new options. In 2022, two randomized phase III trials, PEACE-1 and ARASENS, demonstrated the efficacy of early intensification therapy wherein the triplet combination therapy of androgen deprivation therapy (ADT), ARTA (abiraterone - PEACE-1, darolutamide - ARASENS), and docetaxel showed improved overall survival (OS) compared with double therapy (androgen deprivation therapy + docetaxel). The present case report demonstrates a successful use of triplet therapy in a patient with advanced primary metastatic...

Individualised therapy for patient with prostatic cancer

Adam Lukáč

Onkologie. 2024:18(3):216-218 | DOI: 10.36290/xon.2024.041  

The age of precision and personalized oncology is now, but application of new therapeutic possibilities and new pharmaceuticals brings new challenges. In most cases, patients with malignant tumors are of older age with chronic diseases, which complicate usage of new pharmaceuticals or their combination. In this clinical case, we would like to present treatment challenges on a patient with hepatic transplantation, who was diagnosed with prostate carcinoma.

Pembrolizumab in the treatment of non-small-cell lung cancer with renal metastases

Simona Marušáková

Onkologie. 2024:18(3):220-222 | DOI: 10.36290/xon.2024.042  

Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) has shown a decline in incidence and mortality in the Czech Republic. However, over half of new cases are still diagnosed at the stage four. The renal parenchyma is rare metastatic site. Renal metastases are often asymptomatic and typically an incidental finding on imaging studies. This case report focuses on a patient with NSCLC and renal metastases treated with pembrolizumab. The efficacy of pembrolizumab has been confirmed in the KEYNOTE-024 trial in patients with NSCLC and high PD-L1 (programmed death-ligand 1) expression. Pembrolizumab has been available for this indication in the Czech Republic since 2019. This...

Breast self-examination as an important part of prevention of breast cancer in women

Lucia Mazúchová, Simona Kelčíková, Erika Maskálová

Onkologie. 2024:18(3):223-226 | DOI: 10.36290/xon.2024.043  

Breast cancer is a global public health problem. Early diagnosis of the disease can lead to a good prognosis and high survival rates. It is essential to spread a culture of prevention, awareness of the importance of screening throughout life. The paper explains breast self-examination as an option that could achieve early and easy detection of any breast changes. This cost-effective, convenient, painless and non-invasive screening method has proven to be significant for early detection of breast cancer. Nurses and midwives can play an important role in the early prevention of breast cancer by educating women about breast self-examination.