Terapie melanomu – Quo vadis?

doc. MUDr. Ondřej Kodet, Ph.D.

Onkologie. 2026:20(1):3

New trends in melanoma immunotherapy

Linda Řandová, Ondřej Kodet

Onkologie. 2026:20(1):6-10 | DOI: 10.36290/xon.2026.001

Immunotherapy with checkpoint inhibitors has long been one of the mainstays of melanoma therapy. Despite the long-term therapeutic response that can be achieved, many patients experience lower rates of therapeutic response or failure even after an initial good therapeutic response. A large percentage of patients do not respond to this form of treatment. New clinical trials are currently underway to strengthen this form of treatment and overcome some resistance mechanisms. The greatest progress in new trends in melanoma immunotherapy is documented in the use of tumour mRNA vaccines, adoptive cell therapy, and intratumoral drug administration. Although...

Changing the combination of BRAF and MEK inhibitors as a path to long-term stabilization of metastatic melanoma

Linda Řandová, Ondřej Kodet

Onkologie. 2026:20(1):11-15 | DOI: 10.36290/xon.2026.002

The presented case report describes the case of a patient with metastatic BRAF V600E mutant melanoma, in whom targeted therapy with BRAF and MEK inhibitors led to long-term partial remission. The course of treatment was complicated by repeated episodes of pyrexia requiring a change in the therapeutic combination of BRAF and MEK inhibitors and recurrent pulmonary embolism requiring long-term anticoagulant therapy. This case illustrates the importance of an individualized therapeutic approach and monitoring of treatment safety in patients with advanced melanoma.

Fixed combination of nivolumab and relatlimab in the treatment of metastatic melanoma: managing musculoskeletal toxicity without stopping therapy

Ivana Krajsová

Onkologie. 2026:20(1):16-19 | DOI: 10.36290/xon.2026.003

The fixed combination of nivolumab with relatlimab demonstrates higher efficacy than nivolumab monotherapy and concurrently has a similar efficacy but significantly more favourable safety profile than the combination of nivolumab and ipilimumab. The demonstrated patient with metastatic melanoma had a significant regression of metastases after treatment with nivolumab with relatlimab and the main adverse reaction was arthralgia of severity grade 2-3. Thanks to the early initiation of corticotherapy, the problem resolved quickly and he was able to safely continue the immunotherapy.

Targeted therapy for acute myeloid leukemia: ivosidenib in patients with IDH1 mutations

Jan Novák

Onkologie. 2026:20(1):20-26 | DOI: 10.36290/xon.2026.004

IDH1 mutation represents one of the clinically relevant and targetable genetic alterations in acute myeloid leukemia (AML). The combination of ivosidenib plus azacitidine (IVO + AZA) is indicated for the treatment of newly diagnosed IDH1-mutated AML in patients not eligible for intensive chemotherapy. According to the 2024 European LeukemiaNet (ELN) recommendations, the IVO + AZA regimen is classified as favorable risk in adult patients with AML treated with less intensive therapy, based on results from the randomized AGILE trial, which demonstrated improved clinical outcomes compared with placebo plus azacitidine. Comparisons with venetoclax...

New hope for patients with metastatic NSCLC and EGFR mutation

Marie Drösslerová

Onkologie. 2026:20(1):27-32 | DOI: 10.36290/xon.2026.005

In recent years, the treatment of advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) with EGFR mutation has evolved significantly. It is no longer limited to monotherapy with tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs); increasingly, more complex regimens are being used, offering greater clinical benefit to patients. One such approach is the FLAURA2 regimen, which combines osimertinib with chemotherapy and has been shown to significantly improve survival compared to osimertinib alone. The practical impact of this strategy is illustrated by our case report. In a patient with an EGFR mutation and central nervous system metastases, rapid regression of brain meta­stases...

Non-melanoma skin cancers: current insights into diagnosis, prevention, and treatment

Júlia Bartková, Marie Tormová, Janusz Rucki, Sandra Harásková, Soňa Hrižová, Dušana Selecká, Gabriela Bakšová

Onkologie. 2026:20(1):33-39

Non-melanoma skin cancers (NMSC) represent the most frequently diagnosed malignancies in developed countries, with a globally rising incidence. This review article summarizes the main types of NMSC - basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and Merkel cell carcinoma - with a focus on their epidemiology, risk factors, diagnosis, treatment, and preventive strategies. Particular attention is given to primary and secondary prevention, including current research on chemoprevention agents such as nicotinamide, vitamin D, and celecoxib. The article also discusses the importance of early detection, surgical and non-surgical treatment approaches, and...

The role of physical activity in oncology patients

Kateřina Kapounková, Pavlína Bazalová, Karolína Kapounková, Iva Hrnčiříková, Iva Burešová

Onkologie. 2026:20(1):58-63 | DOI: 10.36290/xon.2026.010

Physical activity is one of the most scientifically supported non-pharmacological interventions in follow-up and supportive care in contemporary oncology. New meta-analyses and systematic reviews published between 2023 and 2025 confirm that regular physical activity significantly improves a wide range of clinically relevant parameters, including cancer-related fatigue, quality of life, mental well-being, muscle function, and cardiovascular fitness. At the same time, there is growing evidence of its influence on metabolic, hormonal, and immunological regulation, which may contribute to improved treatment tolerance and, in some cases, prognosis. The...

Complete remission of locoregionally advanced MSI-H rectal cancer treated with immunotherapy

Marián Liberko, Renata Soumarová

Onkologie. 2026:20(1):40-42 | DOI: 10.36290/xon.2026.006

The presence of dMMR status or MSI-H phenotype is the strongest predictor of immunotherapy efficacy across a range of malignancies. We present the case of a young patient with MSI-H locoregionally advanced rectal cancer who was treated with 6 months of nivolumab monotherapy. A complete clinical response (cCR) was achieved, allowing for a non-surgical approach and organ preservation. This case highlights a fundamental change in treatment strategy for selected colorectal cancers in the era of immunotherapy and emphasizes the critical importance of routine MSI status testing in all newly diagnosed patients with rectal cancer. Early identification of MSI-H...

Long-term survival of a patient with metastatic pancreatic cancer treated with second-line nal-IRI and 5-FU/LV regimen

Jan Vydra

Onkologie. 2026:20(1):44-49 | DOI: 10.36290/xon.2026.007

New therapeutic options have led to a mild improvement in the unfavourable prognosis of patients with metastatic pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (mPDAC) in recent years. The case report of a now 75-year-old woman illustrates the efficacy and safety of the nal-IRI + 5-FU/LV regimen (pegylated liposomal irinotecan + 5-fluorouracil + leucovorin) in second-line treatment after progression on gemcitabine monotherapy. The patient has been on this treatment for more than 3 years with very good tolerability and quality of life. The very good tolerability and low toxicity of this regimen have enabled long-term application, 75 cycles so far. Although the tumor...

Trifluridin/tipiracil in the treatment of metastatic adenocarcinoma of urachus

Martin Palkovský, Renata Soumarová

Onkologie. 2026:20(1):50-53 | DOI: 10.36290/xon.2026.008

This case report presents a very rare disease, adenocarcinoma of the urachus (approxi­mately 0.01 % of adult tumors, 1 % of bladder tumors) with unfavorable progression and generalization 5 years after radical surgery. Due to the rarity of this disease, there are no recommended procedures for neoadjuvant, adjuvant, or palliative systemic treatment, which is usually based on regimens containing 5-fluorouracil. The uniqueness of this case lies in the use of trifluridine/tipiracil in third-line systemic treatment, it appears to be one of the first experience with this drug in the treatment of metastatic urachal carcinoma. The treatment was well tolerated...

BRAF gene mutation in skin melanomas

Vladimír Bartoš, Anna Farkašová, Katarína Janíková

Onkologie. 2026:20(1):54-57 | DOI: 10.36290/xon.2026.009

The BRAF gene is a proto-oncogene located on chromosome 7, whose mutations (especially at position V600) are significantly involved in the carcinogenesis of cutaneous melanoma, as well as other malignancies in humans. They occur in 8% of all solid tumors and in approximately 40-50% of skin melanomas. Patients suffering from melanomas with BRAF mutations have a worse prognosis and differ from BRAF-wild forms in several features. The basis of successful targeted treatment of persons with advanced melanomas harboring BRAF mutation is a combination of specific BRAF and MEK inhibitors. In this study, we evaluated 60 primary skin...

News from the American Society of Clinical Oncology GI 2026

Marián Liberko

Onkologie. 2026:20(1):64-66

In January 2026, the annual ASCO GI Congress was held in San Francisco. The aim of this communication is to present the latest developments in the treatment of patients with gastrointestinal tract tumors that were discussed at the congress.