Český den proti rakovině

MUDr. Vladimíra Stáhalová

Onkologie. 2010:4(2):63  

Karcinom prostaty - slovo úvodem

Kamil Belej

Onkologie. 2010:4(2):67  

Current trends in prostate cancer diagnosis

Ondřej Kaplan, Kamil Belej, Oto Kőhler

Onkologie. 2010:4(2):68-71  

Historically, the prostate was evaluated for cancer by simple digital rectal examination, and biopsy to obtain a tissue diagnosis of cancor was performed blindly. Current dignosis of prostate cancer is based on digital rectal examination and testing of prostate specific antigen level in serum. Biopsy techniques were developed to incorporate ultrasound guidance. Methods have several shortcomings even if used in combination. Low sensitivity often leads to repeat biopsy. The only possibility how to overcome this unfavourable situation is to discover different methods of prostate cancer detection.

Radical prostatectomy

Michal Grepl

Onkologie. 2010:4(2):72-74  

Prostate cancer is one of the most common malignancies in men. The number of surgeries required increases with the increasing numbers of prostate cancers diagnosed. Radical prostatectomy is the method of choice for localized prostate cancer. It is the only therapeutic approach the benefit of which was confirmed in a randomized prospective trial. When performed by an experienced surgeon, it results in excellent oncological as well as functional outcomes and minimal complications. Currently, there is no clear evidence of the superiority of one surgical approach over another. The role of radical prostatectomy and pelvic lymphadenectomy in advanced...

Brachytherapy for prostate cancer

Renata Soumarová

Onkologie. 2010:4(2):75-78  

The optimal treatment for localized prostate cancer has not been clearly defined. It is possible to use radical prostatectomy, external radiotherapy, brachytherapy or, in some cases, the strategy of active surveillance. In recent years, interstitial brachytherapy has been advancing rapidly due to the development of ultrasound-guided techniques, new radioisotopes and more advanced planning systems. It is an excellent method for high-dose delivery within the prostate with a very low rate of serious complications. Brachytherapy can be performed by permanent implantation of radioisotopes into the prostate or by using high-dose rate temporary brachytherapy....

Actual trends in the radiotherapy of prostate cancer

Jiří Kubeš

Onkologie. 2010:4(2):79-83  

The paper describes actual trends in the radiotherapy of prostate cancer, with emphasis of radiobiological characteristics, the dose and the fractionation, techniques of radiotherapy including IMRT, IGRT, stereotactic radiotherapy and brachytherapy. The combination of the radiotherapy and the hormonal treatment is also discussed.

News in treatment of prostate cancer-targeted therapy of hormone-refractory prostate cancer

Jana Katolická

Onkologie. 2010:4(2):84-88  

Prostate cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer related death in men, and remains incurable in the metastatic setting. Despote the initial response to androgen deprivation, the disease gradually progresses to a hormone-refractory state due to cumulative genetic alterations in tumour cells. Docetaxel represents the first chemotherapeutic agent with small survival benefit for metastatic hormonerefractory prostate cancer (HRCP).In an attempt to improve survival benefit, several novel drugs targeting specific pathway involved in cel proliferation, angiogenesis, apoptosis are currently under investigation either as single agents or in combination...

Other primary neoplasms in patients with prostate cancer in comparison of its incidence, mortality and prevalence

Edvard Geryk, Petr Dítě, Jiří Kozel, Radim Štampach, Petr Kubíček, Jakub Odehnal

Onkologie. 2010:4(2):89-94  

In Czech men there were registered 81,884 new prostate cancers (PC) during 1959–2006, increased from 12.3 to 96.1 per 100,000 men. The mortality increased from 21.3 to 27.2 per 100,000 men. The share of PC of all cancers increased from 7,1 % to 13.2 % in incidence and from 6.7 % to 8.9 % in mortality. The prevalence of PC increased from 98 to 408.5 per 100,000 men in 1989–2005 and reached nearly 20,500 survived. Of 11,183 patients with PC were recorded 4,608 primary and 6,575 subsequent cases, represented 17.4 % of all registered PC in 1976–2005. There were treated 89.7 % duplicities and 10.3 % multiplicities of all primary...

Breakthrough pain and it’s treatment

Pavlína Nosková

Onkologie. 2010:4(2):94-100  

Breakthrough pain (BP) is defined as transitory pain that occurs on a background of relatively well controlled baseline pain. This pain character can join pain of tumour disease origin but not only that one. Question to specify the character of pain should be common in daily contact with a patient. To resolve this problem it seems neccessary to provide patients wit rescue mediation with rapid 30 minute onset. The article comes with analgetics review according to WHO classificaton and suitable for BP and available in the Czech rep. From the point of fast onset view we are looking for new approaches and application routs practical also for outpatient...

Treatment of anaemia with erythropoiesis-stimulating proteins in patients with myelodysplastic syndrome

Magda Šišková

Onkologie. 2010:4(2):101-105  

Anaemia is the most common manifestation of myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS). In addition to replacement therapy, MDS-related anaemia can also be managed with erythropoiesis-stimulating proteins (ESPs) in monotherapy or in combination with granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF): monotherapy with epoetin alpha or beta at standard doses (30,000–40,000 U per week), high doses (60,000–80,000 U per week), monotherapy with darbopoetin (150–300 mcg per week) or in combination with G-CSF (300–600 mcg per week). When erythroid response rates were evaluated using the International Working Group criteria (IWGc), no substantial...

Faslodex 500 and new treatment options

Katarína Petráková

Onkologie. 2010:4(2):106-109  

One of the principal therapeutic procedures in metastatic breast cancer is hormonal therapy. In patients with positive oestrogen receptors, it should be considered as first-line therapy, particularly due to its efficacy and good tolerability. Visceral metastases should not be a criterion in favour of chemotherapy over hormonal therapy. Since they are well tolerated, aromatase inhibitors are recommended as first-line hormonal therapy in postmenopausal patients. However, tamoxifen remains an acceptable option. The results of the recent CONFIRM and FIRST clinical trials support the use of 500 mg fulvestrant every four weeks in patients in whom...

Anthracyclins in breast cancer therapy: pros and cons

Tomáš Svoboda

Onkologie. 2010:4(2):110-114  

Anthracyclins ranked among the basic drugs used in the adjuvant, neoadjuvant as far as in paliative treatment of breast cancer for a long time. Their indication was based on a high eficacy. However, lot of circumstances appeared within the last years which totally change our view on the anthracyclins position. First of all there is a fear of significant cardiotoxicity, the incidence of secondary malignancies – leucemias and ineffectivnes in patients with HER2 and TOPO2 negative tumors. Pros and cons of the anthracycline use in breast cancer are summarised in the following article.

HER-2/neu testing in gastric carcinoma - new challenge and hope?

Aleš Ryška, Tomáš Rozkoš, Jan Laco

Onkologie. 2010:4(2):115-119  

Gastric carcinoma is the second cause of cancer related death worldwide. Prognosis significantly varies among patients within the same stage, therefore oncologists urge for identification of new prognostic and predictive markers, such as HER-2/neu (HER2). Stimulation of HER2 triggers molecular pathway resulting in increased proliferation, blocked apoptosis, loss of differentiation and increased tumor invasion. HER2 is a negative prognostic factor, associated with increased invasiveness, serosal involvement, lymph-node metastases and shorter survival, as well as a negative predictive marker and target for trastuzumab treatment. There are two...

Acute leukemias in children

Jan Starý

Onkologie. 2010:4(2):120-124  

Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) represents 25 % of childhood tumors being the most frequent childhood cancer. ALL is a heterogeneous disease, biologically different from the same disease in adults. Median age at diagnosis is 5 years, the most frequent chromosomal abnormalities are fusion gene TEL-AML1 and hyperdiploidy over 50 chromosomes. Event-free-survival is over 75 % and overall survival 85 % in children treated with combined chemotherapy intensified according to the risk group. The incidence of relapse is 15–20 % and bone marrow transplantation is the important treatment modality in such situation. Acute myeloid leukemia (AML)...

Results of a long-term clinical trial: extended survival in patients with metastatic prostate

Petr Beneš

Onkologie. 2010:4(2):125-126  

cancer treated with clodronate Bisphosphonates are part of comprehensive therapeutic strategy in all oncological diagnoses resulting in tumorous bone disease. Bisphosphonates have been used since the 1980s and are still very beneficial for the patients. The present study evaluated the benefit of first-generation bisphosphonates, i. e. clodronate, not only in terms of its effect on bone events, but also with respect to the results of long-term survival of patients. The data from the study confirm that survival was extended in the group of patients using clodronate.

Sorafenib je účinný v sekvenční terapii metastatického renálního karcinomu

Axel S Merseburger, Annika Simon, Sandra Waalkes, Markus A Kuczyk

Onkologie. 2010:4(2):128-129  

Komentář k článku Sorafenib je účinný v sekvenční terapii metastatického renálního karcinomu

Tomáš Büchler

Onkologie. 2010:4(2):130  

Lapatinib kombinovaný s letrozolem proti letrozolu v kombinaci s placebem v první linii terapie hormonálně pozitivního metastatického karcinomu prsu u postmenopauzálních žen. Komentář ke studii

Milan Brychta

Onkologie. 2010:4(2):131-132  

Avastin: a case report

Radka Bittenglová, Miloš Pešek

Onkologie. 2010:4(2):133-137  

A 63-year-old hypertensive patient, a life-long smoker, presented to the Department of Tuberculosis and Respiratory Disease of the Plzeň Teaching Hospital with a right-lung tumour detected due to pain in the right hemithorax. Based on staging, a diagnosis of stage IV right lung adenocarcinoma with generalization into both lungs and the left adrenal gland was made. Chemotherapy with Paclitaxel (200 mg/m2) – Carboplatin (AUC) – Avastin (15 mg/kg) was initiated within the SAIL study of the Roche company with very good tolerance. Following the third chemotherapy cycle, partial remission was confirmed based on CT of the chest; the same...

Autodidaktický test 2/2010

Onkologie. 2010:4(2):138