O nádorech hlavy a krku v době covidu

Milan Vošmik

Onkologie. 2021:15(2):47  

Metastatic salivary gland cancer

Dagmar Brančíková

Onkologie. 2021:15(2):50-53 | DOI: 10.36290/xon.2021.009  

Salivary gland tumors are rare but aggressive malignancies, with increasing incidence. We present a literature review of new knowledge about the possibilities of using predictive and prognostic markers to more accurately target treatment in case of dissemination. HER2 / neu, androgen receptor and NTRK fusions are suitable tests before starting treatment of metastatic salivary gland carcinoma. Chemotherapy may be considered in a group of patients with negative results, the best data are now recently with eribulin monotherapy. Other options are tyrosine kinase inhibitors such as lenvatinib and axitinib, but there is relatively high toxicity. Salivary...

The importance of dental treatment before radioterapy of head and neck cancer

Nima Mahdian, Jiří Holakovský, Anna Onderková, Barbora Mahdianová

Onkologie. 2021:15(2):54-57 | DOI: 10.36290/xon.2021.010  

Radiotherapy is a very important part of the treatment of head and neck tumors. However, this treatment method brings with it a number of side effects resulting from the harmful effects of radiation on tissues and organs in the maxillofacial region. The tissues affected include the major and minor salivary glands, the mucous membranes of the oral cavity, the teeth, the skin and muscles of the head, neck and upper chest, as well as the bones in the irradiated area. Impairment of these structures is clinically manifested by xerostomia, mucositis, and/or a loss of taste. Post-radiation caries, trismus, and skin burns may also develop. However, perhaps...

Current options of re-irradiation in head and neck cancer

Michaela Švajdová, Pavol Dubinský, Pavel Šlampa, Tomáš Kazda

Onkologie. 2021:15(2):58-62 | DOI: 10.36290/xon.2021.011  

Recurrent head and neck malignancies represent a therapeutic challenge for the entire multidisciplinary team of specialists; head and neck surgeons, medical and radiation oncologists as well as nutritionists and psychologists. Treatment options in this clinical scenario are often strictly limited and it is necessary to combine them in order to achieve optimal treatment results, albeit with an undoubtedly increased risk of cumulative toxicity associated with the therapy. With a careful patient selection, salvage surgery and re-irradiation both represent therapeutic interventions with curative potential. However, re-irradiation has long been associated...

Total laryngectomy or larynx-preservation strategy? Current treatment approaches

Milan Vošmik, Jan Klozar

Onkologie. 2021:15(2):63-66 | DOI: 10.36290/xon.2021.012  

Patients with resectable laryngeal cancer can be treated with larynx-preservation strategy or total laryngectomy. Larynx-preservation strategy is a standard of care in early stages and involves a larynx-sparing surgery (endoscopic treatment or partial laryngectomy) which is a preferred option, or radiotherapy. In locoregionally advanced stages, non-surgical strategy based on combination of radiotherapy and chemotherapy, or total laryngectomy + postoperative radiotherapy or radiochemotherapy is generally considered. The usual approach in the past, indication for concomitant radiochemotherapy in all locoregionally advanced stages, is currently withdrawn...

Importance of immune cell infiltration in tumor microenvironment of head and neck cancer

Vladimír Koucký, Jan Bouček, Jan Plzák, Anna Fialová

Onkologie. 2021:15(2):67-72 | DOI: 10.36290/xon.2021.013  

Head and neck cancer is prognostically unfavourable group of diseases burdened by high mortality and morbidity following classic treatment regimens, such as surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Nevertheless, these tumors are highly infiltrated by immune cells, especially in case of HPV induced tumors, and constitute a perspective target for immune-based treatment. Immunotherapy with checkpoint inhibitors has become one of the basic pillars of cancer therapy, that is applicable as a first line treatment in recurrent and metastatic head and neck cancer. However, only a small fraction of patients is responsive to the therapy. In-depth analysis of immune...

Hepatitis B and vaccination in relation to cancer

Petra Macounová, Rastislav Maďar

Onkologie. 2021:15(2):73-76 | DOI: 10.36290/xon.2021.014  

The hepatitis B virus is classified as carcinogenic to humans. Chronic hepatitis B infection is the most common etiological agent of hepatocellular carcinoma worldwide. There is evidence that the hepatitis B virus is also associated with other types of tumors, such as intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma, pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, B-cell lymphoma, and others. However, there is effective prevention of hepatitis B in the form of vaccination. The vaccine against this infection was the first to be shown to be effective in preventing tumors and is considered a great success in the clinical chemoprevention of hepatocellular carcinoma, which is why it...

Treatment of relapsed and refractory multiple myeloma

Denisa Nováková, Jakub Radocha

Onkologie. 2021:15(2):77-85 | DOI: 10.36290/xon.2021.015  

Multiple myeloma is the second most common hematological malignancy in adults, which has been associated with an unfavorable prognosis and short survival of patients for decades.The development of new drugs, such as proteasome inhibitors, immunomodulatory drugs and monoclonal antibodies, has significantly improved the survival and quality of life of a large portion of these patients. Despite advances in treatment, the disease remains difficult to cure and tends to recur over a variable time horizon. The treatment of relapsed or refractory disease is based on combinations of the above-mentioned groups of drugs. Their effectiveness, including safety...

Durvalumab in the treatment of non-small cell lung lung cancer

Ondřej Bílek

Onkologie. 2021:15(2):86-89  

Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is in most of cases diagnosed as an advanced stage of the disease. Immunotherapy with anti-PD-1 and PD-L1 check-point inhibitors is currently a standard modality of the treatment algorithm. Durvalumab is a fully humanized IgGκ anti-PD-L1 monoclonal antibody. This article goal is to summarize the therapeutic results of durvalumab in NSCLC treatment.

Locally advanced cervical cancer - change of the original indication of palliative radiotherapy to radical radiotherapy and achievement of complete remission

Radovan Vojtíšek, Radek Tupý

Onkologie. 2021:15(2):90-93 | DOI: 10.36290/xon.2021.017  

Cervical cancer is the tenth and fourth most common cancer in women in the Czech Republic and worldwide, respectively. The standard treatment approach for locally advanced cervical cancers is radical radiotherapy (RT), optimally potentiated by concomitant chemotherapy. This approach leads, with the use of modern radiotherapeutic procedures and with the correct indication, to a high probability of achieving complete remission and a low probability of severe late post-radiation morbidity. In the presented case report, we deal with the case of a patient with locally advanced cervical cancer who first refused to undergo standard treatment, but after escalating...

Consensus recommendations from the Czech Head and Neck Cancer Cooperative Group (2019): definition of surgical margins status, neck dissection reporting, and HPV/p16 status assessment

Milan Vošmik, Jan Klozar, Jan Laco

Onkologie. 2021:15(2):94-98  

The Czech Head and Neck Cancer Cooperative Group (CHNCCG) held a meeting in Tabor on 11-12 October 2019 with the aim of reaching an interdisciplinary consensus on some controversial points where international unity is absent. The meeting resulted in recommendations on resection margin size terminology (definition of terms: negative margin, close margin and positive margin) and on the adoption of terminology for neck dissections reporting according to the International Recommendation of the International Head and Neck Scientific Group and on assessment of HPV/p16 status in head and neck tumors.