Ideály a ocenění sester v roce 2015

Jitka Boťánková

Onkologie. 2015:9(1)  

Renesance imunoterapie nádorových chorob

Jiřina Bartůňková

Onkologie. 2015:9(1):6  

Adoptive T cell therapy in cancer treatment

Kateřina Vávrová, Jiřina Bartůňková, Rudolf Horváth

Onkologie. 2015:9(1):7-9  

The aim of current immunotherapeutic approaches is to harness the individual’s immune system towards a tumor tissue to eliminate or, at least, to control proliferation of the neoplastic cells. Among the cancer treatment strategies, the adoptive T cell transfer is progressively developing method that uses an ex vivo modified and expanded tumor-specific T cells as a tool to target and destroy the neoplastic tumor cells. The efficacy of the adoptive T cell therapy has significantly improved in recent years due to a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms that control the interactions of immune system and tumor cells. Promising results...

Immunotherapy in treating solid tumours

Denisa Vitásková, Bohuslav Melichar

Onkologie. 2015:9(1):10-12  

Advances, particularly in the field of molecular immunology, have opened new opportunities, allowed identification of new targets in the immune system, and resulted in developing new anticancer agents. Some of these agents have already been approved and become a part of standard treatment while others are in the final phases of clinical trials. These agents are of particular importance in the palliative indication in patients with advanced disease stage who cannot be offered many treatment options. Immunotherapy is expected to be approved for the extended adjuvant indication. The potential of immunotherapy in treating tumour disease is great,...

Immunotherapy using CAR T-cells

Daniel Lysák

Onkologie. 2015:9(1):13-18  

A central role of T-cells in the control of cancer has been supported by both animal models and clinical observations. Adoptive cell therapy has recently achieved impressive efficacy, supporting the finding that the immune system can fight cancer. The broaden application of cell immunotherapy has been previously constrained by the technical abilities to isolate and expand antigen-specific T-cells potent to selectively kill tumor cells. One of the promising current strategies is based on ex vivo engineered patients T-cells, which are redirected by a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR). Chimeric antigen receptors usually combine the antigen binding...

Patogenesis of ethanol cancerogenity in head and neck carcinomas

Jana Neuwirthová, Pavel Smilek, Břetislav Gál, Rom Kostřica, Zdeněk Mechl

Onkologie. 2015:9(1):19-21  

This article summarizes mechanisms through which ethanol promotes the genesis and growth of carcinomas of an upper aerodigestive tract. Ethanol plays a role in cancerogenesis as a cocancerogen because it facilitates penetration of other cancerogens to cells. However, ethanol also represents a direct cancerogen, because the cancerogenic acetaldehyde is formed of it. Ethanol can also promote the tumor growth through immunosupression or hormonal disturbances.

Current indications for systemic neoadjuvant treatment in breast cancer patients

Adam Paulík

Onkologie. 2015:9(1):22-26  

Neoadjuvant therapy has been until recently indicated solely for enabling or facilitating surgical resection in primarily non-metastatic locally advanced breast cancer. Recently, it has spread its field of application even in primarily well-operable tumors with dismal biological features as an early therapy of potential micrometastatic systemic disease. In contemporary research, great attention is paid to the complete extinction of invasive tumor in breast and regional lymph nodes after neoadjuvant therapy (i.e. pathologic complete response – pCR). Predictors of pCR, the effect of pCR on long-term outcome and its possible role as valid...

Supine versus prone position for adjuvant radiotherapy in patients with pendulous breasts

Andrea Masaryková, David Lederleitner

Onkologie. 2015:9(1):29-33  

Adjuvant radiotherapy contributes to better outcomes in patients with breast cancer after breast conserving surgery. Whole breast irradiation is associated with damage to the heart and lungs, increased cardiovascular mortality, and the development of lung cancer, that is, with the risks that may occur 15–20 years after treatment. Breast irradiation in the prone position, is one of the way to reduce radiation toxicity in patients conditioned with large breasts undergoing adjuvant therapy. In case reports point out the differences in the volume of the heart and lungs at both locations, we compare the dosimetric parameters in breast irradiation...

Neurooncological aspects in patiens with pharmacoresistant epilepsy

Jan Chrastina, Dušan Hrabovský, Markéta Hermanová, Petr Burkoň, Milan Brázdil, Zdeněk Novák

Onkologie. 2015:9(1):34-37  

Malformations of cortical development and benign brain tumors are frequent causes of long lasting pharmacoresistant epilepsy in paediatric and adult patients. Such patients are surgically treated and subsequently followed in epileptosurgical centers. Tumor upgrading in patients with pharmacoresistant epilepsy is only rarely encountered and the development of malignant brain tumor in a patient with malformation of cortical development is an exception. The aim of the paper is to present two cases of patients suffering from intractable epilepsy with unexpected development of malignant brain tumor. There was upgrading of low grade glioma (verified...

Role of cytogenetic analysis in current management of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia treatment

Pavel Dvořák, Petra Vohradská, Tomáš Votava, Lenka Doležalová, Petr Smíšek, Zdeňka Černá, Ivan Šubrt

Onkologie. 2015:9(1):38-42  

Childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia, like cancer in general, probably arises from interactions between exogenous or endogenous exposures, genetic susceptibility, and chance. This multistep process begins sometimes even during prenatal period of life. Abnormal response to a common infection remains the strongest candidate for causal exposure. More precise risk stratification and personalized chemotherapy based on the biological characteristics of leukemic cells and hosts (prognostic and/or predictive genetic markers, minimal residual disease monitoring) have pushed the cure rate of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia to near 90 %. However...

Chyloperitoneum - a case report

Gabriel Jelenek, Monika Náležinská

Onkologie. 2015:9(1):43-45  

Chylous ascites is a rare complication of oncogynaecological surgery in retroperitoneum as a result of systematic pelvic and paraaortal lymphadenectomy. Therapeutical approach is highly individual, primary conservative with accent to dietary restriction and leading to results in 4–8 weeks. In case of failure, surgical therapy is indicated and can be first in line with high rate of curability if location of extravasation of chylus is detected. nutrition, paracenthesis.

Fostering intercultural social interaction in nursing education and clinical practice

Andrea Pokorná

Onkologie. 2015:9(1):47-50  

This paper highlights the globalisation of world and the internationalisation of nursing (patient and health care givers migration) which has to lead to being embedded into nursing curricula and also clinical practice. Accentuated is the need for effective and practical cooperation with individuals of different cultures and ethnicity. The main tool for interculturally competent health care professional becomes effective communication, based on knowledge of the individual patient‘s needs according to the different cultures and their satisfaction, but with an emphasis on the individuality of the patients and no the group affiliation. Presented...