Kolorektální karcinom

MUDr. Eva Sedláčková, MBA

Onkologie. 2015:9(4)  

Colorectal cancer screening

Milana Šachlová, Ondřej Májek

Onkologie. 2015:9(4):162-166  

The most common premalignant lesions od colorectal carcinoma include sporadic adenomas. Precision and yield of colonoscopy depend substantially on good preparation, careful screening of intestine and use of new instruments of better quality. The text briefly describes options of endoscopic and surgical treatment of premalignancies. In 2014, a system of personalised invitations to cancer screening was launched, which is expected to increase rather low coverage by colorectal cancer screening in the Czech Republic.

Significance of RAS testing in colorectal cancer

Jaroslava Barkmanová, Libor Staněk

Onkologie. 2015:9(4):167-170  

Colorectal cancer is a very serious world-wide spread disease with high incidence and mortality. We try to find the predictive and prognostic factors based on the progress in molecular oncology diagnostics to pursuit the most effective therapy for patients with CRC. RAS mutations work as negative predictors. Molecular testing of tumors for all activating mutations in KRAS and NRAS before considering anti-EGFR therapy is therefore essential in selecting the group of eligible patients for this treatment in metastatic colorectal cancer.

Strategies for surgical management of synchronous colorectal liver metastases

Vladimír Frýba, Jan Ulrych

Onkologie. 2015:9(4):171-174  

Up to 25 % of newly diagnosed patients with colorectal cancer will have synchronous liver metastases at presentation. Liver resection is the most efficacious and the only potentially curative treatment option for patiens with colorectal liver metastases and in combination with systemic anticancer treatment further improves overall survival. Certain controversies in the surgical intervention strategy of the primarily resectable liver metastases are still present. All 3 operative approaches (simultaneous, classic staged, and liver-first) evince comparable results in terms of disease recurrence and overall survival. The following review aims to...

Proton radiotherapy of colorectal cancer-options and expectations

Pavel Vítek

Onkologie. 2015:9(4):175-177  

Proton radiotherapy differs from conventional photon one (gamma radiation) in dose distribution in tissues, not in mechanisms of effect. The advantage of proton radiation consists in dosimetry only. Indications of proton radiotherapy are warranted in diagnoses principally indicated to radiotherapy simultaneously with some potential advantage resulting of dosimetry. In field of colorectal cancer only preoperative radiotherapy may be a subject of proton therapy considerations. The indications of radiotherapy for rectal cancer are based on data proving survival benefit and decreased risk of local relapse as well as data proving the advantage of...

Colorectal cancer - contemporary view on risk and protective factors, chances of prevention

Michaela Schneiderová, Vladimír Bencko

Onkologie. 2015:9(4):178-182  

Thanks to the latest achievements in diagnostics, surgery and oncology, the overall perspective of colorectal cancer has changed significantly. There is no doubt that we deal with a complex disease, requiring multidisciplinary approach and assessment. Only this approach can enable patients to survive longer and to mantain acceptable quality of their lives. Taking a long view over several decades, the steep rise in incidence of this malignancy was strongly alarming. It is partialy a penalty for a prolongation of life expectance, since one of the risk factors is the age. Knowing the way of life and dietary customs of our ancestors, one cannot...

Immunotherapy for metastatic melanoma

Ivana Krajsová

Onkologie. 2015:9(4):183-189  

Activation of the immune system is very important step in the treatment strategy of metastatic melanoma and greater understanding of function of the immune checkpoints led to the development of several immune checkpoint inhibitors. Ipilimumab, an anti-CTLA-4 monoclonal antibody, was the first agent to demonstrate a survival benefit in patients with metastatic cutaneous melanoma. The median OS rate for patients treated with ipilimumab was, compared with patients receiving a gp100 vaccine longer (10.9 versus 6.4 months), and also patients treated with ipilimumab and DTIC compared with those treated with DTIC alone had improved OS (median OS 11.2...

Afatinib in the treatment of advanced non-small cell lung cancer

Bohdan Kadlec

Onkologie. 2015:9(4):190-194  

Afatinib (Giotrif®) is the first irreversible inhibitor of EGFR and other ErbB receptors (HER1–4) that has been approved for the treatment of patients with distinct types of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutation-positive locally advanced or metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). It is an oral, once daily targeted therapy, based on the results of two large, randomized phase III clinical trials. Compared to standard chemotherapy Afatinib demonstrated an overall survival benefit for patients with the most common type of EGFR mutation (exon 19 deletion/L858R) and improve symptoms of the disease and the quality of life....

Malignant diseases in pregnancy

Aleš Roztočil

Onkologie. 2015:9(4):195-198  

The coincidence of malignant disease and pregnangy is not a current situation, but is not rare. These cases are no more casuistic, but at present, there are groups of these patients published. The frequency of malignit diseases in pregnancy depends of the quality of data collections in a defined population. Only very approximatively we can state, that in our euroatlantic conditions and medical care, one malignat disease is diagnosed in 1 000 pregnants. Because of such a low frequency and the fact, that the symptoms of a malignant disease are often attribuated to pregnancy changes, or are covered by them, the diagnosis is done in pregnants later...

Adjuvant chemotherapy in high-risk endometrial carcinoma

Renata Soumarová, Markéta Těžká, Dana Vráblová, Lenka Teglová, Pavel Bartoš, Martin Trhlík, Robert Bučko

Onkologie. 2015:9(4):199-201  

Surgical treatment is the gold standard for treating endometrial carcinoma. Adjuvant radiotherapy in the form of brachytherapy or external radiotherapy is indicated in moderate and high-risk carcinoma where it particularly reduces the rate of locoregional recurrence. In high-risk carcinoma, however, patients are also at risk of disease generalization, which is the reason for considering the inclusion of adjuvant chemotherapy in the treatment regimen. Chemotherapy can be used concomitantly with radiotherapy as concomitant chemoradiotherapy or sequentially after radiotherapy termination. The article describes the results of papers that have utilized...

The case of putative topotecan pneumotoxicity

Monika Náležinská, Renata Kalábová, Jana Kleinová, Helena Kolářová, Marcela Tomíšková, Josef Chovanec

Onkologie. 2015:9(4):202-206  

The authors present a case report of a 65-years old woman who suffered of metachronous breast carcinoma and mucous type ovarian carcinoma. She was admitted to the department of gynaecological onkology with dyspnoea, chest pain, fever, and was extremely exhausted. At that time she received chemotherapy: topotecan in monotherapy for the recurent ovarian carcinoma. According to the clinical status, X-ray, CT picture and according to the negativity of broncho-alveolar splashing it was thought that we delt with a case of topotecan pneumotoxicity. Therapeuticaly we subscribed to start the treatment with corticoids, bronchodilatants and mucolytics....