Oncology - Latest articles
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Když standardní léčba selhává: nová éra terapie PROCEditorial
doc. MUDr. Igor Sirák, Ph.D.
Onkologie. 2026:20(2):71
Skin toxicity in the treatment of metastatic malignant melanoma with combination immunotherapyCase report
Věra Benešová
Onkologie. 2026:20(2):120-122 | DOI: 10.36290/xon.2026.023
Malignant melanoma is an oncological disease whose incidence has continued to rise in recent years (24.6 cases per 100,000 inhabitants for the period 2018-2022). The disease ratio of both men and women is close to 1 : 1. Although the incidence of the disease is rising, mortality remains stable, mainly attributable to the early diagnosis of the disease (1). Even so, we see a finding of primarily metastatic melanoma, as well as a portion of patients despite early diagnosis and established treatment metastasizing. In my case report, I describe a case of treatment of primarily metastatic melanoma with combination immunotherapy, where significant skin toxicity...
Complete remission in a patient with locally advanced rectal cancer after total neoadjuvant therapy (TNT)Case report
Eva Skácelíková
Onkologie. 2026:20(2):117-119 | DOI: 10.36290/xon.2026.022
Total neoadjuvant therapy (TNT) for rectal cancer is a treatment procedure in which the patient undergoes complete oncological treatment, i.e., chemotherapy and radiotherapy, before surgery. The aim is to improve treatment outcomes in terms of longer overall survival (OS), prolong disease-free survival (DFS), and increase the number of patients who achieve complete remission (CR). In the case of low tumors, where the only possible surgical treatment would be rectal amputation and permanent stoma, a rectum-preserving procedure may also be chosen if CR is achieved.
Diabetes mellitus and neoplastic diseasesInterdisciplinary overviews
Andrea Křivanová
Onkologie. 2026:20(2):112-116 | DOI: 10.36290/xon.2026.021
Diabetes mellitus and cancer are considered to be the 4th, the 2nd respectively, cause of death in developed countries worldwide. The incidence and prevalence has increased in the last decade and continues to grow further, it is estimated that about 8-18 % of patients suffer from both - diabetes and cancer. Epidemiologic evidence suggests that people with diabetes 2nd type are at significantly higher risc for many forms of cancer. In the text we comment on an association between diabetes and the risk of cancer, possible biological background of this relationship and the influence of antidiabetic therapy to cancer and also anticancer therapy to the...
FGFR3 inhibitors as a new targeted therapy for primary brain tumors? Review and case reportReview articles
Martin Palkovský, Štěpánka Hauserová, Renata Soumarová
Onkologie. 2026:20(2):107-111 | DOI: 10.36290/xon.2026.020
Glioblastoma with FGFR3-TACC3 fusion represents a rare but biologically distinctive subgroup of IDH-wild type gliomas, for which preclinical and early clinical studies suggest potential sensitivity to FGFR inhibitors. However, systematic clinical evidence is still lacking and treatment is off-label. We present a summary of the published literature on erdafitinib in the treatment of gliomas with FGFR alterations and a case report of a patient with recurrent GBM who was started on erdafitinib after exhausting standard modalities. We monitor the clinical course, MR response, and toxicity. Literature sources suggest only limited therapeutic activity of...
Long-term disease control with third-line treatment using the combination of trifluridine-tipiracil and bevacizumab following a limited response to earlier lines of therapyReview articles
Marián Liberko
Onkologie. 2026:20(2):102-106 | DOI: 10.36290/xon.2026.019
This case report describes a patient in whom initial treatment with immunotherapy followed by targeted therapy was associated with limited efficacy. Subsequent treatment with a combination of trifluridine-tipiracil and bevacizumab led to long-term disease stabilization with a satisfactory quality of life, with laboratory toxicity being the predominant side effect. At the same time, the results of the Sunlight registration study are discussed, including the effect of combination therapy within individual subgroups, along with real-world data confirming the clinically significant benefit of the treatment for previously treated patients with metastatic disease.
Leptomeningeal metastases of solid tumorsReview articles
Ondřej Lukáč, Roman Roziňák
Onkologie. 2026:20(2):98-101 | DOI: 10.36290/xon.2026.018
Leptomeningeal metastases represent a serious complication of advanced stages of solid tumors, in which metastatic tumor cells infiltrate the meninges and cerebrospinal fluid. This is a form of metastatic involvement of the central nervous system, which is characterized by varied symptoms and is associated with a very poor prognosis. The following text summarizes the available data and current recommendations regarding the diagnosis and treatment of this serious oncological complication.
Vorasidenib - a revolution in the treatment paradigm for low-grade gliomasReview articles
Martin Palkovský, Štěpánka Hauserová, Renata Soumarová
Onkologie. 2026:20(2):91-97 | DOI: 10.36290/xon.2026.017
Gliomas are the most common primary brain tumors in adults and are characterized by high intratumoral and interindividual heterogeneity. The latest WHO classification from 2021 divides glial tumors of the central nervous system (CNS) into two basic groups according to the presence or absence of mutations in the isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 and 2 (IDH1/2) genes. Diffuse gliomas in adults with IDH mutations are further divided into astrocytomas grade 2, 3, or 4 and oligodendrogliomas with IDH mutations and 1p/19q codeletion grade 2 or 3. The product of mutated IDH genes, D-2-hydroxyglutarate (D-2-HG), induces DNA hypermethylation and thus stimulates tumor...
Management of ocular adverse events in patients treated with mirvetuximab soravtansine - recommendations and monitoringMain topic
Bohdan Kousal
Onkologie. 2026:20(2):87-90 | DOI: 10.36290/xon.2026.016
Mirvetuximab soravtansine, an antibody-drug conjugate, is associated with frequent ocular adverse events, primarily blurred vision, epithelial keratopathy, and microcystic changes of the cornea. These symptoms are generally mild to moderate and reversible but can affect patient comfort and continuity of therapy. Effective management includes preventive measures before treatment initiation, regular ophthalmologic monitoring, proactive topical therapy with lubricating and corticosteroid eye drops, and dose adjustments for more severe symptoms. Interdisciplinary collaboration between oncologists and ophthalmologists enables timely detection and intervention....
Beyond chemotherapy in ovarian cancer: mirvetuximab soravtansine and emerging therapiesMain topic
Daniel Krejčí
Onkologie. 2026:20(2):81-86 | DOI: 10.36290/xon.2026.015
Ovarian cancer remains, despite advances in surgical and systemic treatment, a disease with a high risk of recurrence and an unfavourable prognosis, particularly in patients with platinum-resistant recurrent disease (PROC). In this setting, standard non-platinum chemotherapy has limited efficacy, underscoring the need for innovative therapeutic approaches. This article summarizes the current principles of ovarian cancer treatment and focuses on new therapeutic options, particularly in the treatment of PROC.
Folate receptor alpha (FRα) testing: a pathologist's perspectiveMain topic
Jitka Hausnerová
Onkologie. 2026:20(2):78-80 | DOI: 10.36290/xon.2026.014
The development of targeted and personalised oncologic therapies has significantly increased the importance of predictive biomarkers in clinical practice. Pathological diagnostics, therefore, no longer serve solely to establish a histological diagnosis but increasingly provide information essential for selecting systemic treatment. One of the predictive biomarkers in high-grade serous ovarian carcinoma is folate receptor alpha (FRα), whose expression is assessed by immunohistochemistry and is used to identify patients who may benefit from treatment with the antibody-drug conjugate mirvetuximab soravtansine. The aim of this article is to summarise...
Current approaches to diagnosis and primary surgical management of tubo-ovarial cancerMain topic
Anna Germanová
Onkologie. 2026:20(2):74-77 | DOI: 10.36290/xon.2026.013
Ovarian cancer is one of the most serious gynecological malignancies, and despite advances in diagnostics and treatment, it remains a major cause of mortality among women. The disease is characterized by significant biological heterogeneity and is diagnosed at an advanced stage in most cases. This article summarizes current knowledge regarding the epidemiology, risk factors, diagnosis, and primary treatment of tubo-ovarian cancer based on available clinical studies and recommendations from professional societies.
Terapie melanomu – Quo vadis?Editorial
doc. MUDr. Ondřej Kodet, Ph.D.
Onkologie. 2026:20(1):3
News from the American Society of Clinical Oncology GI 2026Information
Marián Liberko
Onkologie. 2026:20(1):64-66
In January 2026, the annual ASCO GI Congress was held in San Francisco. The aim of this communication is to present the latest developments in the treatment of patients with gastrointestinal tract tumors that were discussed at the congress.
The role of physical activity in oncology patientsInterdisciplinary overviews
Kateřina Kapounková, Pavlína Bazalová, Karolína Kapounková, Iva Hrnčiříková, Iva Burešová
Onkologie. 2026:20(1):58-63 | DOI: 10.36290/xon.2026.010
Physical activity is one of the most scientifically supported non-pharmacological interventions in follow-up and supportive care in contemporary oncology. New meta-analyses and systematic reviews published between 2023 and 2025 confirm that regular physical activity significantly improves a wide range of clinically relevant parameters, including cancer-related fatigue, quality of life, mental well-being, muscle function, and cardiovascular fitness. At the same time, there is growing evidence of its influence on metabolic, hormonal, and immunological regulation, which may contribute to improved treatment tolerance and, in some cases, prognosis. The...
BRAF gene mutation in skin melanomasCase report
Vladimír Bartoš, Anna Farkašová, Katarína Janíková
Onkologie. 2026:20(1):54-57 | DOI: 10.36290/xon.2026.009
The BRAF gene is a proto-oncogene located on chromosome 7, whose mutations (especially at position V600) are significantly involved in the carcinogenesis of cutaneous melanoma, as well as other malignancies in humans. They occur in 8% of all solid tumors and in approximately 40-50% of skin melanomas. Patients suffering from melanomas with BRAF mutations have a worse prognosis and differ from BRAF-wild forms in several features. The basis of successful targeted treatment of persons with advanced melanomas harboring BRAF mutation is a combination of specific BRAF and MEK inhibitors. In this study, we evaluated 60 primary skin...
Trifluridin/tipiracil in the treatment of metastatic adenocarcinoma of urachusCase report
Martin Palkovský, Renata Soumarová
Onkologie. 2026:20(1):50-53 | DOI: 10.36290/xon.2026.008
This case report presents a very rare disease, adenocarcinoma of the urachus (approximately 0.01 % of adult tumors, 1 % of bladder tumors) with unfavorable progression and generalization 5 years after radical surgery. Due to the rarity of this disease, there are no recommended procedures for neoadjuvant, adjuvant, or palliative systemic treatment, which is usually based on regimens containing 5-fluorouracil. The uniqueness of this case lies in the use of trifluridine/tipiracil in third-line systemic treatment, it appears to be one of the first experience with this drug in the treatment of metastatic urachal carcinoma. The treatment was well tolerated...
Long-term survival of a patient with metastatic pancreatic cancer treated with second-line nal-IRI and 5-FU/LV regimenCase report
Jan Vydra
Onkologie. 2026:20(1):44-49 | DOI: 10.36290/xon.2026.007
New therapeutic options have led to a mild improvement in the unfavourable prognosis of patients with metastatic pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (mPDAC) in recent years. The case report of a now 75-year-old woman illustrates the efficacy and safety of the nal-IRI + 5-FU/LV regimen (pegylated liposomal irinotecan + 5-fluorouracil + leucovorin) in second-line treatment after progression on gemcitabine monotherapy. The patient has been on this treatment for more than 3 years with very good tolerability and quality of life. The very good tolerability and low toxicity of this regimen have enabled long-term application, 75 cycles so far. Although the tumor...
Complete remission of locoregionally advanced MSI-H rectal cancer treated with immunotherapyCase report
Marián Liberko, Renata Soumarová
Onkologie. 2026:20(1):40-42 | DOI: 10.36290/xon.2026.006
The presence of dMMR status or MSI-H phenotype is the strongest predictor of immunotherapy efficacy across a range of malignancies. We present the case of a young patient with MSI-H locoregionally advanced rectal cancer who was treated with 6 months of nivolumab monotherapy. A complete clinical response (cCR) was achieved, allowing for a non-surgical approach and organ preservation. This case highlights a fundamental change in treatment strategy for selected colorectal cancers in the era of immunotherapy and emphasizes the critical importance of routine MSI status testing in all newly diagnosed patients with rectal cancer. Early identification of MSI-H...
Non-melanoma skin cancers: current insights into diagnosis, prevention, and treatmentReview articles
Júlia Bartková, Marie Tormová, Janusz Rucki, Sandra Harásková, Soňa Hrižová, Dušana Selecká, Gabriela Bakšová
Onkologie. 2026:20(1):33-39
Non-melanoma skin cancers (NMSC) represent the most frequently diagnosed malignancies in developed countries, with a globally rising incidence. This review article summarizes the main types of NMSC - basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and Merkel cell carcinoma - with a focus on their epidemiology, risk factors, diagnosis, treatment, and preventive strategies. Particular attention is given to primary and secondary prevention, including current research on chemoprevention agents such as nicotinamide, vitamin D, and celecoxib. The article also discusses the importance of early detection, surgical and non-surgical treatment approaches, and...
New hope for patients with metastatic NSCLC and EGFR mutationReview articles
Marie Drösslerová
Onkologie. 2026:20(1):27-32 | DOI: 10.36290/xon.2026.005
In recent years, the treatment of advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) with EGFR mutation has evolved significantly. It is no longer limited to monotherapy with tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs); increasingly, more complex regimens are being used, offering greater clinical benefit to patients. One such approach is the FLAURA2 regimen, which combines osimertinib with chemotherapy and has been shown to significantly improve survival compared to osimertinib alone. The practical impact of this strategy is illustrated by our case report. In a patient with an EGFR mutation and central nervous system metastases, rapid regression of brain metastases...
Targeted therapy for acute myeloid leukemia: ivosidenib in patients with IDH1 mutationsReview articles
Jan Novák
Onkologie. 2026:20(1):20-26 | DOI: 10.36290/xon.2026.004
IDH1 mutation represents one of the clinically relevant and targetable genetic alterations in acute myeloid leukemia (AML). The combination of ivosidenib plus azacitidine (IVO + AZA) is indicated for the treatment of newly diagnosed IDH1-mutated AML in patients not eligible for intensive chemotherapy. According to the 2024 European LeukemiaNet (ELN) recommendations, the IVO + AZA regimen is classified as favorable risk in adult patients with AML treated with less intensive therapy, based on results from the randomized AGILE trial, which demonstrated improved clinical outcomes compared with placebo plus azacitidine. Comparisons with venetoclax...
Fixed combination of nivolumab and relatlimab in the treatment of metastatic melanoma: managing musculoskeletal toxicity without stopping therapyMain topic
Ivana Krajsová
Onkologie. 2026:20(1):16-19 | DOI: 10.36290/xon.2026.003
The fixed combination of nivolumab with relatlimab demonstrates higher efficacy than nivolumab monotherapy and concurrently has a similar efficacy but significantly more favourable safety profile than the combination of nivolumab and ipilimumab. The demonstrated patient with metastatic melanoma had a significant regression of metastases after treatment with nivolumab with relatlimab and the main adverse reaction was arthralgia of severity grade 2-3. Thanks to the early initiation of corticotherapy, the problem resolved quickly and he was able to safely continue the immunotherapy.
Changing the combination of BRAF and MEK inhibitors as a path to long-term stabilization of metastatic melanomaMain topic
Linda Řandová, Ondřej Kodet
Onkologie. 2026:20(1):11-15 | DOI: 10.36290/xon.2026.002
The presented case report describes the case of a patient with metastatic BRAF V600E mutant melanoma, in whom targeted therapy with BRAF and MEK inhibitors led to long-term partial remission. The course of treatment was complicated by repeated episodes of pyrexia requiring a change in the therapeutic combination of BRAF and MEK inhibitors and recurrent pulmonary embolism requiring long-term anticoagulant therapy. This case illustrates the importance of an individualized therapeutic approach and monitoring of treatment safety in patients with advanced melanoma.
New trends in melanoma immunotherapyMain topic
Linda Řandová, Ondřej Kodet
Onkologie. 2026:20(1):6-10 | DOI: 10.36290/xon.2026.001
Immunotherapy with checkpoint inhibitors has long been one of the mainstays of melanoma therapy. Despite the long-term therapeutic response that can be achieved, many patients experience lower rates of therapeutic response or failure even after an initial good therapeutic response. A large percentage of patients do not respond to this form of treatment. New clinical trials are currently underway to strengthen this form of treatment and overcome some resistance mechanisms. The greatest progress in new trends in melanoma immunotherapy is documented in the use of tumour mRNA vaccines, adoptive cell therapy, and intratumoral drug administration. Although...
Zaznělo na 49. ročníku Brněnských onkologických dnů a 39. ročníku Konference pro nelékařské zdravotnické pracovníkyHeard at a congress
MUDr. David Salát
Onkologie. 2025:19(5):330-334
Zaznělo na 49. ročníku Brněnských onkologických dnů a 39. ročníku Konference pro nelékařské zdravotnické pracovníkyHeard at a congress
MUDr. David Salát
Onkologie. 2025:19(5):323-329
Několik poznámek k léčbě (lokálně) pokročilého plicního karcinomuEditorial
Martin Svatoň
Onkologie. 2025:19(5):259
Early diagnosis of immune-related myositis in a patient treated with pembrolizumabCase report
Martina Spisarová, Martin Marhefka, Aviv Philip Goncharov
Onkologie. 2025:19(5):320-322 | DOI: 10.36290/xon.2025.058
In recent years, immunotherapy has played a key role in the treatment of numerous diseases. Renal carcinoma is one of the conditions in which the introduction of checkpoint inhibitors represented a real breakthrough in the entire management of the disease. Toxicity remains one of the major challenges associated with immunotherapy. The management of immune-related adverse events requires their early detection, which appears to be as important as their proper treatment.
Desmoplastic melanoma of the skin arising on the scalp: a case reportCase report
Vladimír Bartoš, Michal Urda
Onkologie. 2025:19(5):316-319 | DOI: 10.36290/xon.2025.057
Desmoplastic melanoma (DM) is a rare type of cutaneous melanoma characterized by specific clinical, biological, and histomorphological features. Grossly, it rather looks like a benign skin lesion and therefore it is usually diagnosed late at a locally advanced stage. Herein, a case of a 73-year-old woman with cutaneous DM arising on the scalp is described. It histologically consisted of atypical spindle and pleomorphic tumor cell population, which was dispersely distributed within desmoplastic stroma and "masked" by massive lymphocytic cellulisation. The tumor invaded deeply into the subcutaneous tissue and was in close proximity to the resection margins....